燃煤电厂建设期环境监理重点内容探讨

相比项目建设前期及竣工环境保护验收两个阶段而言,在整个环境管理体系中,施工阶段的环境管理尚没有成行的核心保障。文章以江苏淮阴发电有限公司300MW机组的环境监理工作为案例,从设计阶段环境监理、施工阶段环境监理、试生产阶段环境监理等方面,对燃煤电厂环境监理的具体实践工作进行总结并探讨。     

Climatic and genetic controls of yields of switchgrass, a model bioenergy species

The U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard calls for 136 billion liters of renewable fuels production by 2022. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has emerged as a leading candidate to be developed as a bioenergy feedstock. To reach biofuel production goals in a sustainable manner, more information is needed to characterize potential production rates of switchgrass. We used switchgrass yield data and general additive models (GAMs) to model lowland and upland switchgrass yield as nonlinear functions of climate and environmental variables. We used the GAMs and a 39-year climate dataset to assess the spatio-temporal variability in switchgrass yield due to climate variables alone. Variables associated with fertilizer application, genetics, precipitation, and management practices were the most important for explaining variability in switchgrass yield. The relationship of switchgrass yield with climate variables was different for upland than lowland cultivars. The spatio-temporal analysis showed that considerable variability in switchgrass yields can occur due to climate variables alone. The highest switchgrass yields with the lowest variability occurred primarily in the Corn Belt region, suggesting that prime cropland regions are the best suited for a constant and high switchgrass biomass yield. Given that much lignocellulosic feedstock production will likely occur in regions with less suitable climates for agriculture, interannual variability in yields should be expected and incorporated into operational planning.     

除磷颗粒污泥系统中不同粒径颗粒的理化特性分析

采用SBR反应器培养具有同步脱氮除磷特性的颗粒污泥.使用目数分别为100、60、40的标准检验筛将污泥颗粒按粒径大小筛分为3个等级,即150～280μm、280～450μm、>450μm进行研究,分析了不同粒径颗粒的理化特性.结果表明,颗粒化初期(第7～18 d),密实的颗粒提供良好的厌氧环境有利于加速GAOs和PAOs在颗粒内部的对底物的竞争;密实颗粒有利于PAOs的富集和加速生长,使得不同粒径颗粒含磷量存在差异:280～450μm的颗粒(以SS计)有机磷含量最高,达113.25 mg.g-1,无机磷含量最低,达15.55 mg.g-1.颗粒化后期,反应器运行第34 d,3种粒径颗粒中有机磷含量趋于一致,约为50 mg.g-1,第52 d,无机磷含量也趋于一致,约70 mg.g-1.成熟颗粒中总磷含量占11%,其中无机磷占4.24%.同时,反应器中污泥的磷含量比排水中污泥高,分析表明污泥活性和污泥龄对磷的去除效果有影响.另外,就反硝化而言,大、小粒径颗粒都有较好的厌氧反硝化能力,颗粒内部与外部溶液环境中的NO3--N浓度梯度是影响反硝化速率的重要因素.     

采用体积信息熵表征颗粒污泥系统稳定性及其稳定机制

SBR反应器中培养自养硝化颗粒污泥,在絮体转化为颗粒过程中,颗粒的体积信息熵从2.05(27 d,初见颗粒)降低为1.85(95 d),熵值降低的主要动力来自于松散的絮体在较快沉速选择压条件下被淘洗出系统.当絮体被淘洗出系统即完成颗粒化过程,在129 d时测得系统中颗粒沉速分布的中位数为6.27 m.h-1,因此颗粒体积熵值的变化不再受沉速选择压(6m.h-1)的控制.颗粒的粒径、沉速及体积熵值分布均呈现周期性变化,其中信息熵的均值为2.16,最小值为1.79,最大值为2.63.在这种周期性变化过程中,系统总是表现为粒径均值先增大后减小.熵值的波动的驱动力来自于颗粒的破碎与破碎体的成长,体积分布信息熵的大小可以很好地表征系统的稳定性及其稳定机制.     

A novel gas purification system for biologically produced gases

A novel gas purification system employing membrane contactors with dense membranes in the absorption as well as the desorption unit has been tested concerning the separation efficiency of CO₂. The separation efficiency of potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) promoted by piperazine (PZ) as absorption medium has been tested in the absorption unit. Since the absorbent will be regenerated in the desorption unit, the influence of temperature, sweep flow rate and absorbent type (0.5 M K₂CO₃ and 0.5 M K₂CO₃/0.5 M PZ) on the separation efficiency of CO₂ in the desorption unit has been investigated. Desorption by vacuum has been considered as well.In addition experimental results of the coupling of a bioreactor producing hydrogen by anoxygenic photosynthesis (low and fluctuating product gas flow rates and fluctuating compositions) with a membrane contactor for gas purification are reported. This was done in order to show the applicability of this system to processes producing biogases.     

Degradation of acid fuchsine by a modified electro-Fenton system with magnetic stirring as oxygen supplying

The current modified electro-Fenton system was designed to develop a more convenient and e cient undivided system for practical wastewater treatment. The system adopted a cathode portion that employed magnetic stirring instead of common oxygen gas di usion or gas sparging to supply oxygen gas for the electrolyte solution. Key factors influencing the cathode fabrication and activity were investigated. The degradation of acid fuchsine with a self-made graphite-polytetrafluorethylene cathode was studied using a spectrophotometer. It was found that the cathode generated hydrogen peroxide with high current e ciency and the hydrogen peroxide yield of the cathode did not decay after 10 times reuse. With the Pt anode at a ferrous ion concentration of 0.5 mmol/L, a pH of 3, and using magnetic stirring, dye decolorization could be rapidly accomplished but the destruction of benzene rings and intermediates was fairly di cult. With a Fe anode, dye degradation was more complete.     

Modeling the e ects of constructed wetland on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement

This article describes the integrated modeling approach for planning the size and the operation of constructed wetlands for maximizing retention of nonpoint source pollutant loads and reservoir water-quality improvement at a catchment scale. The experimental field-scale wetland systems (four sets, 0.88 ha each) have been in operation since 2002, where water depth was maintained at 30–50 cm and hydraulic loading rate was at 6.3–18.8 cm/day. The wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted stream water with stable removal e ciency even during the winter. The integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) was applied to the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir watershed and calibrated with monitoring data from constructed wetland, stream, and reservoir. The calibrated integrated modeling system estimated that constructing wetlands on 0.5% (about 114 ha) of the watershed area at the mouth of reservoir could reduce 11.61% and 13.49% of total external nitrogen and phosphorus loads, respectively. It also might improve the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the reservoir by 9.69% and 16.48%, respectively. The study suggested that about 0.1%–1.0% of the watershed area should be allocated for constructed wetland to meet specified water-quality standards for the estuarine reservoir at the polder area where land use planning is relatively less complicated.     

Releases of phosphate fertilizer industry in the surrounding environment: Investigation on heavy metals and polonium-210 in soil

Distribution of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Ni,Mn concentrations and the activity of polonium-210 in the surrounding area of a phosphate fertilizer industry located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea has been determined.Nineteen sampling sites were distributed around the industrial zone on a surface area of about 100,000 m2.Atomic absorption spectroscopy and Alpha spectroscopy were used to quantify the heavy elements and polonium-210,respectively.Investigation on a particle scale was conducted by TEM and SEM coupled to EDX and X-ray cartography to determine the nature of heavy elements carriers and their distribution.Heavy elements were mainly concentrated inside the particle size fraction 50 μm.Their levels decreased with distance increasing from the industry.According to the reference soil,enrichment factors were about 10,15,32 and 100 times for Zn,Pb,Cu,and Cr,respectively inside the particle size fraction 50 μm on the closest sites to the industry.The main contaminant sources were transport and storage of row materials and the free release of phosphogypsum waste.Heavy elements were entrapped inside agglomerates of sulfates,phosphates and iron oxihydroxides in a di used shape.Polonium-210 with an enrichment factor of about 56,showed the same behavior of the spatial distribution of the trace elements.     

填充床快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应器及其脱氮性能研究

以城市污水厂二沉池污泥为种泥,以悬浮填料填充床生物膜反应器为厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应器,采用高负荷培养法和好氧预挂膜低负荷培养法分别培养与富集厌氧氨氧化菌,并研究其脱氮性能.结果表明,好氧预挂膜低负荷培养法可以在较短时间内(90 d左右)快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,稳定期反应器出水氨氮和亚硝氮保持稳定,去除率均接近100%,总氮去除率在75%以上,高负荷培养法因高浓度氨氮和亚硝氮的抑制作用而启动失败(190d).启动过程中pH变化表明,厌氧氨氧化反应器出水pH略高于进水,pH值可用作厌氧氨氧化反应器启动进程的指示参数.上流式厌氧填充床ANAMMOX反应器具有高负荷和高效率的优点,当反应器进水氨氮和亚硝氮浓度低于800 mg/L时,其去除率几乎达100%,低于国家一级标准.     

The structure of stereotyped calls reflects kinship and social affiliation in resident killer whales (Orcinus orca)

A few species of mammals produce group-specific vocalisations that are passed on by learning, but the function of learned vocal variation remains poorly understood. Resident killer whales live in stable matrilineal groups with repertoires of seven to 17 stereotyped call types. Some types are shared among matrilines, but their structure typically shows matriline-specific differences. Our objective was to analyse calls of nine killer whale matrilines in British Columbia to test whether call similarity primarily reflects social or genetic relationships. Recordings were made in 1985–1995 in the presence of focal matrilines that were either alone or with groups with non-overlapping repertoires. We used neural network discrimination performance to measure the similarity of call types produced by different matrilines and determined matriline association rates from 757 encounters with one or more focal matrilines. Relatedness was measured by comparing variation at 11 microsatellite loci for the oldest female in each group. Call similarity was positively correlated with association rates for two of the three call types analysed. Similarity of the N4 call type was also correlated with matriarch relatedness. No relationship between relatedness and association frequency was detected. These results show that call structure reflects relatedness and social affiliation, but not because related groups spend more time together. Instead, call structure appears to play a role in kin recognition and shapes the association behaviour of killer whale groups. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that increasing social complexity plays a role in the evolution of learned vocalisations in some mammalian species.